If you have tested your mtDNA and are in the U Haplogroup, you are eligible for the following sale on the full sequence genome; that is, the entire 16,568 markers in the mitochondria. It was not that long ago that this test cost $995, and has been reduced a few times. The $331 sale price is for an upgrade only. This means you have had to tested the HVR1 or HVR2 with Family Tree DNA to get this price.
The full sequence if you have not tested is $449.
The time frame is limited so order before February 6. Below is the message just sent to members of the U haplogroup.
This offer is being made for a couple of reasons.
1. It is known that in some cases the haplogroup subgroups found when testing the HVR1 do not correlate when the entire mitochondria is tested. For example: I tested my HVR1 and HVR2 and was given the haplogroup of U5a1a. After testing my full mitochondria I became a U5a1*. The asterisk means more data is needed to accurately predict the rest of the subgroups. At this point it does not totally mean I am not a U5a1a, but that more data is really needed to be sure.
2. More data is needed to compile an accurate set of subgroups for haplogroup U. Ten-thousand is not enough, even if it does sound like a lot. There could be many, many subgroups; therefore, much more test data is needed to have enough samples to clearly indicate all the subgroups.
For these reasons and FTDNA’s desire to continually refine the data to provide closer matches to participants, if you are in haplogroup U and have wanted to upgrade to the only test remaining on the all female line of your DNA, this is a great advantage in cost.
If you have any questions, you are welcome to email me or Family Tree DNA.
Family Tree DNA wrote:
Of all the mtDNA results in the Family Tree DNA database, nearly 12% belong to haplogroup U. This represents about 10,000 people whose maternal lineage belongs to this branch of the mtDNA tree of mankind.
Haplogroup U's phylogeny (its family tree) has evolved greatly since the earliest research, in which subgroups were assigned based only the HVR1 sequence. Research into haplogroups and their branches now uses the full sequence mtDNA. The progress towards a complete haplogroup U tree awaits only a broad enough collection of full sequence mtDNA tests.
In order to lend a hand to the research community and to the community of customers interested in their deep ancestral origins, Family Tree DNA is offering a temporary discount on the upgrade from HVR1 or HVR2 results to the full sequence (Mega) test for members of haplogroup U. From today through Friday, February 6th, haplogroup U members may upgrade to the full sequence test for $331.
This sale price is automatically offered to you in your upgrade options. To order, log in to your Family Tree DNA account and click "Order Tests & Upgrades." Next, click "Standard Orders" and select "mtHVR1toMega” or “mtHVR2toMega" from the dropdown order menu. Then click "Continue" to proceed to the payment screen and complete your order.
Family Tree DNA
Best Regards
Bennett Greenspan
President
25 January 2009
08 January 2009
NOW is the Time to Test Your DNA
As genealogists, we have missed gathering photos and papers from family members along with the wonderful stories of their lives. We have all had regrets about not asking our relatives for more information on the family, and now those relatives are gone. By not having your lines test their DNA now, you may have the same regrets in years to come.
Why would it be important to have a DNA test done for yourself or for your family member?
Actually, there are several.
1. Interest is Growing and so are Matches
Genetic Genealogy, the use of DNA testing for genealogy, is becoming more popular and, as a result, more useful. The more people who test the greater the number of matches a person can have. These matches in the DNA signature can help break through our genealogy brick walls by showing you who does and who does not belong to your line. For this reason, it is a waste of time and resources to continue hunting the paper trail when DNA testing can help eliminate some of the data you find and help you concentrate on records which are connected to your lines.
My ancestor, Peter Ogan resided with his wife Euphemia in Frederick County Virginia in the middle 1700s. Just before moving to Belmont County Ohio in the very early 1800s, a Samuel Ogan appeared on the tax rolls. (I have only found one other Ogan in this county, a Moses Ogan.) As Samuel also arrived in Belmont County about the same time, and as some of his grandchildren were named Peter and Euphemia, I fell it was very possible that Samuel was a son of my Peter. Circumstantial evidence pointed this way, and we all know that sometimes that is all you get from your research.
Since I am writing a book on my Ogan line, I wanted to bring the family closer to the present. Therefore, I hired a researcher to scour the libraries, archives and newspapers for information on Samuel and his descendants in both Ohio and Indiana where his descendants landed. My Peter’s descendants also went to other counties in Indiana. She found wonderful records and even a CD of one of Samuel’s descendant’s photo album.
A year or so later, I became interested in genetic genealogy and tested a descendant of Samuel. The man did not even come close to being related! Now, out of fear that I may have tested a man whose family line had an adoption or unreported illegitimate birth, I am seeking a second candidate from another son of Samuel. Regardless of the outcome of this second test, I would have never spent that much money tracking paper when I could have researched just enough to find a living DNA donor. I could have paid for four tests for the money wasted in tracing the paper trail! Never again. I will test the line first to see if they do relate to my line.
In the future, wise genealogists will begin with DNA testing before they spend hundreds of dollars tracking lines they “believe” to be theirs.
2. Accurate Research…Maybe
Most genealogists feel they have done an excellent job researching and are convinced their paper trail is correct. At present DNA testing has shown that from 2-5% of the people tested are not of the line they believe themselves to be. One never knows if their ancestor took in the orphaned neighborhood children, if the wife had a son previously which was given the new father’s surname, or if some family member moved away and changed their surname.
Just as genealogy without documentation is mythology, genealogy without DNA testing is not irrefutable proof of a lineage. Granted we cannot test every line for several reasons, but to have solid proof of those we can is proof of accuracy on those lines.
3. DNA Cousins
DNA testing also allows you to find genealogical cousins with whom you can research to find the common ancestor. I have found many cousins throughout the forty plus years I have researched my family. However, in this day of DNA testing, I have found even more, and we definitely know we have a common ancestor. Together we can work on the lines to find that person.
Back to the Ogan family. I found several major groups of Ogans over those forty years. With DNA testing so far two of the known seven large families did not prove to be related, although both of them shared the given names of Peter and Euphemia. Oddly, only one other family besides my Peter had the name Euphemia, but it is good to know to whom you belong and to whom you do not.
4. Lowered Prices
DNA testing has been and will probably continue to go down in price to some degree, or you will get more for the price as all this progresses. However, waiting until the price becomes cheaper does not allow you to break through your brick walls now. No one can predict the length of our lives and our mental capacity. Acting now can help us avoid regrets later. Your descendants will be pleased you did.
5. Missed Chances
There is also the chance that the person you need to test may die unexpectedly. There are many, many cases which emphasis this point. I have had countless stories from people that their last male died just a few months or a few years ago, and they were not tested. Most of them were unexpected deaths or they just did not investigate Genetic Genealogy to see how it could help.
These researchers are saddened to learn their only other possibility is to track down a living person from an all male line that begins much farther back in their lineage. It can be difficult to do this and to convince the person to test. Unfortunately, some genealogists who have tried found the line daughtered-out on other lines or all the males were dead now. Often, a person cannot trace their line back very far, thus limiting the number of people they could locate for testing.
6. Tested After Death
I had a woman contact me about a year ago regarding a DNA sample taken from her father after he died. She requested the funeral home take the sample, but it was misplaced by the funeral home for nearly a year. Her father was the last male in her family. Luckily, the sample was found, and she called me. Upon questioning her I learned that the sample was taken with a tongue depressor, those large Popsicle sticks doctors use, put in a baggie, and stuck in the refrigerator. Well, thank goodness, it landed in the frig all this time!
I contacted the president of Family Tree DNA who suggested she send it right away and that she order only a 12 marker test so she would not be out too much money if the swab did not reveal anything useful. She was very fortunate in that it was a good sample. She later upgraded to add more markers which assisted her in researching her family history.
For this reason, it is important to consider taking a DNA sample from a deceased relative at their death, if you did not do so when they are living. Most funeral homes do not know much about DNA testing and would not have a kit available. In that case, you can order one and keep it in the refrigerator (or, at least, away from heat) to have on hand when needed. I have wanted to encourage funeral homes to offer this service to their client, but it will take the public requesting tests for it to happen, no doubt. Call your funeral home and ask them about this. Give them the name of a genetic genealogist in your area. Email me if you do not know of a genetic genealogist since I have access to a list.
7. Tested, but Gone
I have four testers in two surname projects who have died since testing. I am most thankful and grateful to have the results. I still have two men who have tested, but are “missing.” There is no reply to their emails and at their age, they could be gone.
Although these men did test, the problem is that no one has the control to upgrade their test as needed now or in the future. Please remember to designate at lest two people who can control your sample. Do so in writing and have it notarized. One of these people could be the administrator of the project while another relative who has interest in genealogy. Share this paper with your family and your DNA Project Administrator. Please let the administrator(s) know who will be responsible for your test results and do not forget to give them the codes to access the kit, as well.
Remember: You never know what new discoveries will be made in the future or near future in genetic genealogy. The field is moving rapidly. For this reason, test now and continue following the progress of Genetic Genealogy so you can better use the result in solving your brick wall.
To order a test, click on the Family Tree DNA Logo to the right. Search for your surname or other existing project for the lower prices. If you have any questions, before you order, email me directly at: aulicino@hevanet.com
©Aulicino, 8 Jan 2009
Why would it be important to have a DNA test done for yourself or for your family member?
Actually, there are several.
1. Interest is Growing and so are Matches
Genetic Genealogy, the use of DNA testing for genealogy, is becoming more popular and, as a result, more useful. The more people who test the greater the number of matches a person can have. These matches in the DNA signature can help break through our genealogy brick walls by showing you who does and who does not belong to your line. For this reason, it is a waste of time and resources to continue hunting the paper trail when DNA testing can help eliminate some of the data you find and help you concentrate on records which are connected to your lines.
My ancestor, Peter Ogan resided with his wife Euphemia in Frederick County Virginia in the middle 1700s. Just before moving to Belmont County Ohio in the very early 1800s, a Samuel Ogan appeared on the tax rolls. (I have only found one other Ogan in this county, a Moses Ogan.) As Samuel also arrived in Belmont County about the same time, and as some of his grandchildren were named Peter and Euphemia, I fell it was very possible that Samuel was a son of my Peter. Circumstantial evidence pointed this way, and we all know that sometimes that is all you get from your research.
Since I am writing a book on my Ogan line, I wanted to bring the family closer to the present. Therefore, I hired a researcher to scour the libraries, archives and newspapers for information on Samuel and his descendants in both Ohio and Indiana where his descendants landed. My Peter’s descendants also went to other counties in Indiana. She found wonderful records and even a CD of one of Samuel’s descendant’s photo album.
A year or so later, I became interested in genetic genealogy and tested a descendant of Samuel. The man did not even come close to being related! Now, out of fear that I may have tested a man whose family line had an adoption or unreported illegitimate birth, I am seeking a second candidate from another son of Samuel. Regardless of the outcome of this second test, I would have never spent that much money tracking paper when I could have researched just enough to find a living DNA donor. I could have paid for four tests for the money wasted in tracing the paper trail! Never again. I will test the line first to see if they do relate to my line.
In the future, wise genealogists will begin with DNA testing before they spend hundreds of dollars tracking lines they “believe” to be theirs.
2. Accurate Research…Maybe
Most genealogists feel they have done an excellent job researching and are convinced their paper trail is correct. At present DNA testing has shown that from 2-5% of the people tested are not of the line they believe themselves to be. One never knows if their ancestor took in the orphaned neighborhood children, if the wife had a son previously which was given the new father’s surname, or if some family member moved away and changed their surname.
Just as genealogy without documentation is mythology, genealogy without DNA testing is not irrefutable proof of a lineage. Granted we cannot test every line for several reasons, but to have solid proof of those we can is proof of accuracy on those lines.
3. DNA Cousins
DNA testing also allows you to find genealogical cousins with whom you can research to find the common ancestor. I have found many cousins throughout the forty plus years I have researched my family. However, in this day of DNA testing, I have found even more, and we definitely know we have a common ancestor. Together we can work on the lines to find that person.
Back to the Ogan family. I found several major groups of Ogans over those forty years. With DNA testing so far two of the known seven large families did not prove to be related, although both of them shared the given names of Peter and Euphemia. Oddly, only one other family besides my Peter had the name Euphemia, but it is good to know to whom you belong and to whom you do not.
4. Lowered Prices
DNA testing has been and will probably continue to go down in price to some degree, or you will get more for the price as all this progresses. However, waiting until the price becomes cheaper does not allow you to break through your brick walls now. No one can predict the length of our lives and our mental capacity. Acting now can help us avoid regrets later. Your descendants will be pleased you did.
5. Missed Chances
There is also the chance that the person you need to test may die unexpectedly. There are many, many cases which emphasis this point. I have had countless stories from people that their last male died just a few months or a few years ago, and they were not tested. Most of them were unexpected deaths or they just did not investigate Genetic Genealogy to see how it could help.
These researchers are saddened to learn their only other possibility is to track down a living person from an all male line that begins much farther back in their lineage. It can be difficult to do this and to convince the person to test. Unfortunately, some genealogists who have tried found the line daughtered-out on other lines or all the males were dead now. Often, a person cannot trace their line back very far, thus limiting the number of people they could locate for testing.
6. Tested After Death
I had a woman contact me about a year ago regarding a DNA sample taken from her father after he died. She requested the funeral home take the sample, but it was misplaced by the funeral home for nearly a year. Her father was the last male in her family. Luckily, the sample was found, and she called me. Upon questioning her I learned that the sample was taken with a tongue depressor, those large Popsicle sticks doctors use, put in a baggie, and stuck in the refrigerator. Well, thank goodness, it landed in the frig all this time!
I contacted the president of Family Tree DNA who suggested she send it right away and that she order only a 12 marker test so she would not be out too much money if the swab did not reveal anything useful. She was very fortunate in that it was a good sample. She later upgraded to add more markers which assisted her in researching her family history.
For this reason, it is important to consider taking a DNA sample from a deceased relative at their death, if you did not do so when they are living. Most funeral homes do not know much about DNA testing and would not have a kit available. In that case, you can order one and keep it in the refrigerator (or, at least, away from heat) to have on hand when needed. I have wanted to encourage funeral homes to offer this service to their client, but it will take the public requesting tests for it to happen, no doubt. Call your funeral home and ask them about this. Give them the name of a genetic genealogist in your area. Email me if you do not know of a genetic genealogist since I have access to a list.
7. Tested, but Gone
I have four testers in two surname projects who have died since testing. I am most thankful and grateful to have the results. I still have two men who have tested, but are “missing.” There is no reply to their emails and at their age, they could be gone.
Although these men did test, the problem is that no one has the control to upgrade their test as needed now or in the future. Please remember to designate at lest two people who can control your sample. Do so in writing and have it notarized. One of these people could be the administrator of the project while another relative who has interest in genealogy. Share this paper with your family and your DNA Project Administrator. Please let the administrator(s) know who will be responsible for your test results and do not forget to give them the codes to access the kit, as well.
Remember: You never know what new discoveries will be made in the future or near future in genetic genealogy. The field is moving rapidly. For this reason, test now and continue following the progress of Genetic Genealogy so you can better use the result in solving your brick wall.
To order a test, click on the Family Tree DNA Logo to the right. Search for your surname or other existing project for the lower prices. If you have any questions, before you order, email me directly at: aulicino@hevanet.com
©Aulicino, 8 Jan 2009
31 December 2008
DNA Success Stories
Success, a relevant term, is defined as an achievement, an accomplishment, a triumph, or a victory. It is measured by some as a great progress and by others as tiny steps. Regardless, it is in the “eye of the beholder.”
In Genetic Genealogy success takes many forms. It can mean finding the ancestors beyond our current brick wall; finding new cousins and persons related to us who can help with the research; finding birth parents or, at least, the biological surname; or determining who isn’t related so we can focus on others branches of the surname.
DNA success has resulted from testing the all male (Ydna) and the all female (mtDNA) lines. Although it is easier to test and research the male lineage, when success is found with the female lines it is huge. Many success stories for both types of tests have been submitted to the International Society of Genetic Genealogy and may be viewed at by clicking on the link SUCCESS STORIES on the left at the website: http://www.isogg.org/
Below are a few examples sent to me recently. Each of the submitters feels their DNA testing has some level of success:
SMITH to DULIN
After twenty-five years of genealogical research at the libraries in Georgia, Georgia Archives, National Archives (Atlanta Branch), South Carolina Archives, North Carolina Archives, Library of Virginia and three trips to the UK and Ireland, I gave up on my Smith surname! However, you know genealogist's never really give up, so I resolved to use DNA as a last resort to discover the ancestry of my maiden name, SMITH. All of my other lines were easy to trace for many generations, but SMITH was impossible.
The next step was to find a living male SMITH in my line to test for me. I am an only child, my father is deceased, I do not have Smith uncles, and there are no male Smith first cousins. Finally, I found a Smith second cousin who agreed to test for me. I paid for a 12 marker test, but those results were insignificant. I upgraded to 25 and found to my surprise that I was not really connected to Smith's. An upgrade to 37 and finally 67 markers indicate that my surname is probably Dulin or Doolin.
I wanted to be sure that I had not discovered some recent NPE (Non-parental event) among just my Smith great, great, grandparents. Thus, I searched and found another Smith second cousin and finally convinced him to encourage a male Smith in his direct line to test. He tested at 67 markers and his Y-DNA indicate Dulin/Doolin as well.
Ah-Ha! How exciting! We must be Dulin's. A name change or a NPE must have occurred in the mid to late 1700's in the US or Ireland.
I searched for Dulin's in George and according to census records, I found several Dulin families living near my Smiths in the early 1800's. That is where I am in my research now. I can't prove any connection to those Dulin's. I know my Smith's are Irish because all my other ancestors in that area of Georgia are from Ireland. One of my trips took me through Doolin, Ireland a few years ago. I wish I had known this then.
Without Y-DNA, I never would have this. I wish I could prove this with a paper trail and maybe someday I will find the common ancestor that ties my Smiths and the Dulin/Dooln lines together, but for now, DNA has proved I am a Dulin/Doolin.
--Charlotte Smith Winsness
TULEY AND TOOLEY
DNA testing has proved some of my theories about the TULEY surname.
1. Phonics matters. Tuley and Tooley are related, but Tuley and Talley are not related.
2. The Indiana Tuley's and the Virginia Tuley's are related, even though the documentation no longer exists, if it ever did.
Now I know only to focus on Tuley and Tooley spellings and their variants.
--Glenn Tuley
PURSUIT TO PROVE ORAL HISTORY
My family has been in the Americas since the 1600’s while others were already here. I consider my self the original “Melting Pot” Scottish, Irish, Dutch, French and Native American.
I started the DNA search because I wanted to see if my Grandmother was indeed Cherokee as she had said. She had told us that her mother had papers and that when her mother died in 1894, she went to Missouri to live with her relatives. Her aunt made her burn her papers in a wood stove. I thought they were just embarrassed; however, after reviewing the trouble Native Americans went through in the mid to later 1800’s I guess she destroyed them for self-preservation. Anyway, I had a direct line from me back through my mother 6 generations to Jane (Jennie) Williams Tally (Her mother appears to have been a Hays so this will follow the Hays Family). I completed my mtDNA; alas, I discovered the unique properties of the mtDNA it went 6,500 years back to Alpine Europe with a haplogroup of J1a. Only one other person, in the whole data base matches me. Not quite what I had expected, but those Europeans were creative.
I found out you have to trace the right ancestor for the results you want. That probably would be John Tally Sr.’s first wife (a Native American probably from the Chickasaw Tribe). Of course there were three boys and no daughters so with out knowing her family and sisters, there is no way to trace her mtDNA.
Though I did not get the mtDNA results I had expected, the research did help me to find relatives 3 more generations back and a lot of wonderful relatives out there in the cyber space who are pursuing the same things, and sharing their information!
I again, am a Corbin, comes from the Latin “Corbi” meaning Raven. It is an old name, several different coats-of- arms from many countries. We were always told we came from Peter Corbin, of Pickens County, SC we had been having trouble making the jump from my Great-Great Grandfather William Riley Corbin to Peter. (We thought it was Peter’s Son David, but we were not sure.). When I joined the surname project for the Corbin’s I connected, again, with wonderful, unknown relatives who helped me clarify this data. I ended up testing my Ydna and, yes it goes back to Peter. Each cousin is from a different son of Peter yet we all match. Haplogroup: R1b1b2a1b4
No one else matched; we only appear to match to each other. We now know for a fact as far back as Peter. This provided the data to all my cousins who descend from James Franklin Corbin. The research also created other avenues to travel (i.e., William Riley Corbin’s wife “Rosanna Barnett” goes all the way back and proven to Jamestown Colony.) We now know she also goes back to Pocahontas. This is my father’s side. The Bunch Family on my mother’s side always said they also went back to Pocahontas, and the Book “Parks/Bunch the Trail West” by Alice Crandall also says this. On a side note, it appears that my male Tally line is also from haplogroup R1b.
--Johnny Corbin
JOHNSON to LAMBERT
DNA testing proved a family rumor true for me. It was rumored that my paternal grandmother had an affair with a man called Lambert, which may have led to my father's birth. My father, however, was given the last name Johnson, after his purported father. I recently got tested and was found to match a Lambert in the pool! I have since found my father's true siblings (though they are not interested in knowing us), and the names of my paternal grandparents.
--Ed Johnson
WILLIAM COUSINS
This story started in Feb. 2005. I submitted a DNA sample from a male WILLIAMS. At that time there were 120 members in that Project. April 2005 a 12/12 match with a WILLIAMS sample in Tennessee. And we had an R1a Haplogroup estimated which was rare in the WILLIAMS Project.
By Sept. 2007 our little group had grown to five members. One was the son of the first DNA match, another was a known cousin of his. But none is a closer match to "my" (or "our") sample than the first one which was 34/37. My paper trail is still stuck in Kentucky, and his is in Tennessee, reaching toward North Carolina.
My county in Kentucky and his county in Tennessee are pretty close together. It is possible that someone 'crossed over', but I have no clue when nor who.
There are some close matches with other surnames, but I see nothing conclusive. One is in England, not the U.S.A.
--Kay Chestnut
Many thanks to the contributors. Their kindness in sharing their DNA adventures may help others understand the usefulness of DNA testing for genealogy. If anyone finds a connection to the families mentioned, I would be happy to forward a message from you to the contributor. (I do not give out emails without permission.)
To submit any DNA success story, please email me directly at Aulicino@hevanet.com
I will be featuring these stories from time to time.
©Aulicino, 22 Dec 2008
©Aulicino, 22 Dec 2008
23 December 2008
National Genographic DNA Project Sale
The National Geographic Society just sent me the following email. They are reducing their testing price until January 2nd.
You may know your family’s ROOTS, but do you know your family’s ROUTES? As an important blogger for avid genealogists, we would like to extend a special holiday discount on our Genographic Project Public Participation Kits for you to share with your readers. Many readers of your blog know about their recent genealogy, but do they know about their deep ancestry? This holiday season tell them how they can give their family and friends the chance to join the Genographic Project – a real-time research initiative that uses DNA as a study tool to find out about their deep ancestry.
Have them visit: https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/lan/en/participate.html The kit normally sells for $100 (+shipping and handling), but a special discount code GKHOL08 at checkout takes $10 off the price (valid through January 2, 2009). After sending in DNA with a painless cheek swab, interactive results are delivered anonymously online and detail a personal treasure 'map' of an ancient journey - starting at the cradle of humanity, in Africa, approximately 60,000 years ago. Participating is also a way of ‘giving back’ this holiday season.
Proceeds from the sales of the participation kits go directly to the Genographic Legacy Fund, which supports indigenous and traditional peoples community-led projects aiming to revitalize their languages and cultures. As well, at no additional cost, participants can upload their results to FamilyTreeDNA and participate in surname projects, geographic projects, and DNA marker matches. The Genographic Project seeks to chart new knowledge about the migratory history of the human species and answer age-old questions surrounding the genetic diversity of humanity. The project is a nonprofit, global research partnership of National Geographic and IBM with field support by the Waitt Family Foundation. The three core components of the project are: Field Research, Public Participation and the Legacy Fund. Our website and kits are now available in English, Spanish, French and German! Visit our website, http://nationalgeographic.com/genographic, to learn more about the project and read about some of the exciting new studies being published through the Genographic Consortium, happening as a direct result of project participation worldwide! If you have any questions or are interested in highlighting the Genographic Project Public Participation Kit this holiday season, please do not hesitate to visit our website at www.nationalgeographic.com/genographic
For more information contact: genographic@ngs.org or phone: 202-857-7777
Please find attached a copy of our holiday discount promotional email.
Best,
Lindsey K. Larson
The attached hoiday discount promotional:
Join the more than 300,000 individuals who are discovering their deep ancestry and adding their own leaves to the human family tree.National Geographic and IBM's Genographic Project invites you and your family to take part in an exciting real-time research initiative — using DNA as a study tool — to find out the path of your deep ancestry.
This holiday season, 'give back' while discovering something about your family's ancient migratory routes. The purchase of a Genographic Project Public Participation Kit directly supports the Genographic Legacy Fund, providing grants to indigenous and traditional communities with community-led projects seeking to preserve their culture and language.As a special Genographic Project holiday offer*, click here to order a kit. Use code GKHOL08 at check out to receive $10 off your Genographic Kit. Now available in English, Spanish, French and German. Offer ends January 2, 2009.
You may know your family’s ROOTS, but do you know your family’s ROUTES? As an important blogger for avid genealogists, we would like to extend a special holiday discount on our Genographic Project Public Participation Kits for you to share with your readers. Many readers of your blog know about their recent genealogy, but do they know about their deep ancestry? This holiday season tell them how they can give their family and friends the chance to join the Genographic Project – a real-time research initiative that uses DNA as a study tool to find out about their deep ancestry.
Have them visit: https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/lan/en/participate.html The kit normally sells for $100 (+shipping and handling), but a special discount code GKHOL08 at checkout takes $10 off the price (valid through January 2, 2009). After sending in DNA with a painless cheek swab, interactive results are delivered anonymously online and detail a personal treasure 'map' of an ancient journey - starting at the cradle of humanity, in Africa, approximately 60,000 years ago. Participating is also a way of ‘giving back’ this holiday season.
Proceeds from the sales of the participation kits go directly to the Genographic Legacy Fund, which supports indigenous and traditional peoples community-led projects aiming to revitalize their languages and cultures. As well, at no additional cost, participants can upload their results to FamilyTreeDNA and participate in surname projects, geographic projects, and DNA marker matches. The Genographic Project seeks to chart new knowledge about the migratory history of the human species and answer age-old questions surrounding the genetic diversity of humanity. The project is a nonprofit, global research partnership of National Geographic and IBM with field support by the Waitt Family Foundation. The three core components of the project are: Field Research, Public Participation and the Legacy Fund. Our website and kits are now available in English, Spanish, French and German! Visit our website, http://nationalgeographic.com/genographic, to learn more about the project and read about some of the exciting new studies being published through the Genographic Consortium, happening as a direct result of project participation worldwide! If you have any questions or are interested in highlighting the Genographic Project Public Participation Kit this holiday season, please do not hesitate to visit our website at www.nationalgeographic.com/genographic
For more information contact: genographic@ngs.org or phone: 202-857-7777
Please find attached a copy of our holiday discount promotional email.
Best,
Lindsey K. Larson
The attached hoiday discount promotional:
Join the more than 300,000 individuals who are discovering their deep ancestry and adding their own leaves to the human family tree.National Geographic and IBM's Genographic Project invites you and your family to take part in an exciting real-time research initiative — using DNA as a study tool — to find out the path of your deep ancestry.
This holiday season, 'give back' while discovering something about your family's ancient migratory routes. The purchase of a Genographic Project Public Participation Kit directly supports the Genographic Legacy Fund, providing grants to indigenous and traditional communities with community-led projects seeking to preserve their culture and language.As a special Genographic Project holiday offer*, click here to order a kit. Use code GKHOL08 at check out to receive $10 off your Genographic Kit. Now available in English, Spanish, French and German. Offer ends January 2, 2009.
12 December 2008
Wikipedia: The free online, interactive encyclopedia
Most everyone knows about Wikipedia, and that the resource is considered as accurate as any encyclopedia since readers continually update and repair any misstatements. There are multitudes of pages on any subject, but here we are interested only in Genetic Genealogy. Although the depth of knowledge for the topic can be extensive, for the novice, this is a real gem.
To see an overview of Genetic Genealogy, either search for Wikipedia + Genetic Genealogy in your Browser or go to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy
This site provides reasons for testing and addresses the concerns people have regarding testing. There are many books and online resources as well.
Below are only a few of the links listed on this page:
Allele
Allele frequency
Electropherogram
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic recombination
Haplogroup
Haplotype
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
Human mitochondrial genetics
Most recent common ancestor
Short tandem repeat (STR)
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
Y-STR (Y-chromosome short tandem repeat)
Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups
Be sure to click on the link for Genealogical DNA Testing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test
This section has information on the terms haplotype, haplogroup, SNP, and STRs as well as they types of tests and understanding various tests.
Other topics in this section include:
Autosome
Electropherogram
FamilyTreeDNA
Genetic fingerprinting
Genetic genealogy
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Genetic testing
Haplogroup
Haplotype
HARRIS Surname DNA Project
International HapMap Project
List of DNA tested mummies
List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures
List of DYS markers
List of Y-STR public databases
Mitochondrial DNA
Paternity test
Short tandem repeat
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Do not be overwhelmed by the information here; the novice does not need to consume all this information. Information is provided for any level of interest and this site is most helpful for DNA project administrators, as well.
Wikipeida provides one location you can locate a topic for which you desire more information and just click!
The International Society of Genetic Genealogy has also provided much information to help the beginner genetic genealogist. It would be beneficial to join the non-profit group (no cost to you, your information is not given or sold, and the only requirement is to spread the word about genetic testing for genealogy) and subscribe to their email list. I would caution you to view it online or in digest. This email list will help you learn more about how genetic genealogy helps your research, the site provides many files and links to assist you, the email list will allow you to ask any question regarding DNA and get advice from those more knowledgeable. The list is monitored by some experts in the field.
To join ISOGG:
http://www.isogg.org/
Tell them you learned about this from my blog.
For a glossary of terms to help you with genetic genealogy and to use for your interenet searches:
http://www.isogg.org/course/glossary.htm
©aulicino 5 December 2008
To see an overview of Genetic Genealogy, either search for Wikipedia + Genetic Genealogy in your Browser or go to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy
This site provides reasons for testing and addresses the concerns people have regarding testing. There are many books and online resources as well.
Below are only a few of the links listed on this page:
Allele
Allele frequency
Electropherogram
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic recombination
Haplogroup
Haplotype
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
Human mitochondrial genetics
Most recent common ancestor
Short tandem repeat (STR)
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
Y-STR (Y-chromosome short tandem repeat)
Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups
Be sure to click on the link for Genealogical DNA Testing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test
This section has information on the terms haplotype, haplogroup, SNP, and STRs as well as they types of tests and understanding various tests.
Other topics in this section include:
Autosome
Electropherogram
FamilyTreeDNA
Genetic fingerprinting
Genetic genealogy
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Genetic testing
Haplogroup
Haplotype
HARRIS Surname DNA Project
International HapMap Project
List of DNA tested mummies
List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures
List of DYS markers
List of Y-STR public databases
Mitochondrial DNA
Paternity test
Short tandem repeat
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Do not be overwhelmed by the information here; the novice does not need to consume all this information. Information is provided for any level of interest and this site is most helpful for DNA project administrators, as well.
Wikipeida provides one location you can locate a topic for which you desire more information and just click!
The International Society of Genetic Genealogy has also provided much information to help the beginner genetic genealogist. It would be beneficial to join the non-profit group (no cost to you, your information is not given or sold, and the only requirement is to spread the word about genetic testing for genealogy) and subscribe to their email list. I would caution you to view it online or in digest. This email list will help you learn more about how genetic genealogy helps your research, the site provides many files and links to assist you, the email list will allow you to ask any question regarding DNA and get advice from those more knowledgeable. The list is monitored by some experts in the field.
To join ISOGG:
http://www.isogg.org/
Tell them you learned about this from my blog.
For a glossary of terms to help you with genetic genealogy and to use for your interenet searches:
http://www.isogg.org/course/glossary.htm
©aulicino 5 December 2008
25 November 2008
Family Tree DNA Announces Holiday Gift
Greetings Everyone!
Family Tree DNA just sent a post to all of its administrators, and I'm pleased to inform you that the company has announced their annual Holiday gift to all of us. They have reduced their prices until December 31. See the email below.
Please share this information with anyone you know interested in testing. Perhaps you want to get a holiday gift for someone you wish to test. Perhaps you wish to keep a kit on hand for visiting your family. You can order the test now and return it when you find a tester, also. If you are having a family reunion in 2009, now would be the time to order several kits to have on hand. If you do not expose the kit to heat, it will last without a problem.
Let me know if you have any questions.
You can also share these steps for ordering a test. GFO is a local genealogical society that takes Ydna and mtDNA for anyone, and you do not have to be a member. I run this group, also, so I can help your tester. By going through my blog you allow the company to give me a few cents on the dollars you spend. This keeps up my spirits! LOL
To order a DNA test and receive the reduced price you must go through an existing project...
1. Go to: http://genealem-geneticgenealogy.blogspot.com/
2. Go to the bottom right and click on the FTDNA icon.
3. Where it says SEARCH on the right side, type in GFO (or your surname for male testers, if there is an established project at FTDNA for that surname.)
4. On the next page, click on GFO (or the appropriate surname, if there is a current project.) 5. Complete the form. Scroll to the bottom of the page and click on JOIN.
Email me if you have questions before you order your test.
NOTE: IF you do not see the FTDNA icon on the right of this blog, email me directly at: aulicino@hevanet.com
Family Tree DNA wrote:
Dear Family Tree DNA Group Administrator,
In keeping with our end-of-the-year tradition, effective November 26th, 2008 we'll institute special pricing at Family Tree DNA for your new-kit-purchasing participants. The products that will be offered at the special prices are:
.............Y-DNA37 $119
.............Y-DNA37+mtDNAPlus $199
.............Y-DNA67 $218
.............Y-DNA67+mtDNAPlus $308
.............mtDNAPlus $139
.............Full Genomic mtDNA $395
.............SuperDNA $613
This offer is good until December 31st, 2008 for kits ordered and paid for by that time.
Email me directly if you have any questions.
aulicino, 25 Nov 2008
Family Tree DNA just sent a post to all of its administrators, and I'm pleased to inform you that the company has announced their annual Holiday gift to all of us. They have reduced their prices until December 31. See the email below.
Please share this information with anyone you know interested in testing. Perhaps you want to get a holiday gift for someone you wish to test. Perhaps you wish to keep a kit on hand for visiting your family. You can order the test now and return it when you find a tester, also. If you are having a family reunion in 2009, now would be the time to order several kits to have on hand. If you do not expose the kit to heat, it will last without a problem.
Let me know if you have any questions.
You can also share these steps for ordering a test. GFO is a local genealogical society that takes Ydna and mtDNA for anyone, and you do not have to be a member. I run this group, also, so I can help your tester. By going through my blog you allow the company to give me a few cents on the dollars you spend. This keeps up my spirits! LOL
To order a DNA test and receive the reduced price you must go through an existing project...
1. Go to: http://genealem-geneticgenealogy.blogspot.com/
2. Go to the bottom right and click on the FTDNA icon.
3. Where it says SEARCH on the right side, type in GFO (or your surname for male testers, if there is an established project at FTDNA for that surname.)
4. On the next page, click on GFO (or the appropriate surname, if there is a current project.) 5. Complete the form. Scroll to the bottom of the page and click on JOIN.
Email me if you have questions before you order your test.
NOTE: IF you do not see the FTDNA icon on the right of this blog, email me directly at: aulicino@hevanet.com
Family Tree DNA wrote:
Dear Family Tree DNA Group Administrator,
In keeping with our end-of-the-year tradition, effective November 26th, 2008 we'll institute special pricing at Family Tree DNA for your new-kit-purchasing participants. The products that will be offered at the special prices are:
.............Y-DNA37 $119
.............Y-DNA37+mtDNAPlus $199
.............Y-DNA67 $218
.............Y-DNA67+mtDNAPlus $308
.............mtDNAPlus $139
.............Full Genomic mtDNA $395
.............SuperDNA $613
This offer is good until December 31st, 2008 for kits ordered and paid for by that time.
Email me directly if you have any questions.
aulicino, 25 Nov 2008
20 November 2008
DNA -- A Foreign Language
Most people who attend a DNA lecture for the first time walk away with more questions than they may have had before the presentation. That definitely sounds as if understanding DNA is greatly difficult or the presenter cannot deliver the information in an understandable form. In truth, understanding how DNA testing works and how it benefits genealogy is very simple once you learn the language.
If you have taken a foreign language you know that repetition is one of the best ways to retain the knowledge. You also know that you cannot learn a great deal in one session. These are true of understanding Genetic Genealogy, the use of DNA Testing to aid traditional genealogical research.
SO…how do you push this new language into your brain?
Like learning a new language, you must understand some new words. Although there are hundreds of terms associated with DNA, the average person only needs to know a few basic ones.
1. Y-chromosome DNA (Y-dna) – The sex chromosome which determines that a person is male. Men have both their father’s Y-chromosome and their mother’s X chromosome. Women have an X chromosome from their father and one from their mother. The Y-chromosome has passed from father to son virtually unchanged since mankind began. This is why we can test a living male and determine the DNA signature of his all male line (top line of a pedigree chart) back to the beginning. These tests are referred to as Ydna tests. There are several levels of Ydna tests and each designates the number of markers which are tested. For example, Family Tree DNA tests 12, 25, 37, and 67 markers on the Y-chromosome.
2. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) – The mitochondria is outside the nucleus of a cell. It contains 16,568 base pairs. The part of the mitochondria that is tested for genealogy purposes is the non-coding/control region, meaning it rarely changes or mutates. This is the part that is used as a check to make sure the copy process worked. It does have a function. Most people test the parts are called the Hyper Variable Region 1 and 2 (HVR1 and HVR2). Testing the full sequence includes HVR1, HVR2, and the coding region. This is the only definitive mtDNA test. It is scary though because it may reveal medical information. One medical problem that comes from a bad mtDNA mutation is LHON. You can read about LHON here:
http://www.ifond.org/lhon.php3
Both males and females have mitochondria. Only the females can pass it to the next generation, however. That is to say, a mother gives all her children her mitochondrial DNA, but only the daughters can pass it to the next generation. For this reason we can test the mtDNA of a living person and determine the DNA signature of his or her all female line (bottom line on a pedigree chart) back to the beginning. Tests for the mitochondrial are often called mtDNA tests and can either involve the HVR1 or both the HVR1 and HVR2 and are numbered as follows:
Region: Positions
Hyper Variable Region 2: 00001-00574
Coding Region: 00575-16000
Hyper Variable Region 1: 16001-16569
mtDNA forms a circle so 00001 comes after 16569.
(This chart courtesy of Rebekah C.)
3. Autosomal DNA (atDNA) – The 44 non-sex chromosomes. These chromosomes recombine or mix together differently (re-code) with every conception. This is why you look like a sibling or other relative, but not exactly, unless you are identical twins. This part of the DNA is not useful for genealogy, but very useful in determining paternity or sibling relationships. The atDNA also contains your health issues…at least those known currently by scientists.
4. Allele – The term used for the result of a tested marker. In Ydna, the number for the specific marker is the allele (Ex: DYS 393 has a 13). In mtDNA the marker results is the chemical bases. (Ex: 156G)
5. Haplotype – a set of allele values (i.e., the result of a DNA test) for a group of markers. This is your DNA signature. If the test was a Ydna test, then the set of values are a series of numbers, one each for each marker tested. If the test was an mtDNA test, then the results is show with a letter of one of the chemical bases. Only the mutations that occur when the mtDNA is compared to the Cambridge Reference System are designated.
6. Haplogroup – a group of similarly patterned Haplotypes which share a common ancestor as defined by a unique event polymorphism (one type mutation) at a specific locus (location). It is a tester’s twig on the World Family Tree (Phylogenetic Tree). Haplogroup names are a series of letters and numbers, starting with a letter. For example: R1b1b2. This is a Y-dna haplogroup and each letter and number indicates a smaller branch. That is, R is the branch of the World Family Tree and the one following the R is the subset under that R branch. This means there is an R2 as well. Then the next letter, b, is a subset of R1. This means there is an R1a, also.
There are haplogroups for mtDNA which are designed the same way. For example: U5a1a. This means the U branch on the World Family Tree and the twig from it is 5. Therefore, there is a U1 twig, a U2 twig, etc.
NOTE: Do not compare the haplogroups for Ydna with mtDNA…they were developed separately. They are apples and oranges.
7. Phylogenetic Tree – The pedigree chart for every man or every woman in the world…The World Family Tree. Just like genealogists have a pedigree chart, all of mankind and womankind each has a pedigree chart. The chart cannot use surnames as surnames were created after DNA groups were determined; therefore, a series of letters and numbers are used. Geneticists have been able to determine the order of development of these branches and twigs on this tree. Groups on the Phylogentic Tree have "names" such as: R1b2, I2b, K2.
8. DNA Chemical Bases – DNA is made up of four chemical bases: Adenine, Cystosine, Guanine, and Thymine. These are abbreviated A, C, G, and T. They are always in pairs, and they always pair the same way. A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
9. Mutation – a change in any marker. Mutations in the autosomal markers could result in situations damaging to the species, but mutations in the non-coding region do no harm. The markers tested for genealogy are in the non-coding region and include the HVR1 and HVR2 for the mtDNA and specific markers of the Ydna.
10. STR – Short Tandem Repeat. A short pattern of the four chemical bases repeated in tandem (next to each other). The number of times this sequence is repeated determines the allele (result) of the marker. For example: GATAGATAGATA is a pattern repeated three times. Thus the marker result (allele) would be 3. Markers are known to repeat their patterns more times than three, however. Each marker has a range in which it repeats. That is, DYS 393 is known to repeat its pattern from 9-17 times, so the result of that marker in a tested person could be any number from 9-17.
11. SNP (pronounced “snip”) – Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. This is a mutation (change) in the marker of a nucleotide. Nucleotides are unique markers in the genome. For example the chemical basis G (Guanine) may change to a T (Thymine). This is done only once in this nucleotide, and these changes determine what haplogroup a person is. There is no harm to the species with this change. SNPs have unique names, such as M207 or P224. The test is either positive or negative for the particular SNP, and this helps determine where a tester is on the Phylogenetic Tree. A person can have a SNP test to determine the detailed twig on their haplogroup branch. That is, testing various SNPs helps determine if you are a U5 or a U5a1a. The more SNPs tested, the more detailed the haplogroup will be.
12. DYS (DNA Y-chromosome Segment) – a locus (location) on the Y-chromosome. Examples of the names for the markers for the Ydna, include DYS 393; DYS CDYa; and DYS 464c.
13. Cambridge Reference System (CRS) – The first sequence completed for the human mtDNA and is now been corrected or revised and is called the Revised Cambridge Reference System. Everyone uses the acronym CRS, however. The sequence contains 16,568 base pairs and was recorded at Cambridge, England, hence the name. All mtDNA results are compared to the CRS, and only the differences from that comparison are recorded as the test result. You can see the entire sequence by using the link listed below. Marker result for mtDNA gives the number of the marker (from 1 to 16,568) and then the letter of the chemical bases that mutated). For example: 15326G
14. DNA Project – An established group of tested people. DNA Projects include those with a specific surname and its variant spellings for males. For both male and females there are haplogroup projects, geographical projects, and ethnic projects. Not every testing company offers this variety of projects, so investigate the various companies and what they offer before testing.
The benefits from these projects do vary. For a surname project a male can determine if they do descend along their all male line with this surname. Sometimes one finds there was a Non-Parental Event (adoption, illegitimate birth, name change, etc.) For the geographical projects, you may find close relationships to a geographic location which could help direct you in your genealogy research. For haplogroup projects your haplotype (DNA signature) can help those interested in the migration patterns of our most ancient ancestors understand more.
With ethnic groups, a collection of haplotypes also provides more data to further the understanding of various cultural groups. Often project managers analyze the data and develop hypotheses which helps further the study of DNA and how it can help genealogy.
Besides reading the above definitions, Google the terms on the Internet to find variations which will help you better understand as you can view different ways the term is explained.
Once you learn some vocabulary of a foreign language you are ready to form phrases and sentences. The same is true of Genetic Genealogy. Using the above terms, the following sentences are true, and you only need to complete the statement with the above word that fits correctly. Can you answer them without looking at the above list or the answers below?
1. What are the three types of DNA which can be tested?
2. What are the four types of DNA Projects?
3. What is the collective result of a DNA test called besides a DNA signature?
4. What is your twig on the Phylogenetic tree is called?
5. Males can test their all male lines (the top line of their pedigree charts) with which test?
6. Females and males can test their all female line (bottom line bottom line of their pedigree chart) with which test?
7. Which test is least useful test for genealogy, but the best test for paternity?
8. What is the result of testing a specific DNA marker is called?
9. What determines the number (ex: the 25 for DYS 447) in the result of a marker tested for Ydna?
10. What is CRS?
11. What is DYS mean and which test has them?
12. What is a mutation?
13. What is the Phylogenetic Tree?
14. What is the difference between coding (recombining) and non-coding markers? Which are used for genealogy?
Lastly, you are ready to begin reading more about Genetic Genealogy. You can refer to the articles on this blog; however, there are many online tutorials and books which can help you. Remember to treat them like a reference book and not the “Great American Novel.” Mark in the books if you own them. Print out what you want from the online tutorials. Review the information from time to time to keep your new foreign language readily available.
A list of recommended books and online tutorials can be found in the archives of this blog for February 2007, but they are repeated here for your convenience.
Charles Kerchner's Webpage
http://www.kerchner.com/dna-info.htm
This is a wonderful tutorial and array of information on Genetic Genealogy, including book recommendation.
Family Tree DNA Tutorial
http://www.familytreedna.com/dna101.html
This contains a large variety of information on testing. Click on SITE MAP at the bottom of the page to better locate desired information.
Genetealogy.com
http://www.genetealogy.com/index.html
Megan Smolenyak Smolenyak's website with many resources. It also lists surname projects from several testing companies.
Dave Dorsey's Website
http://www.davedorsey.com/dna.html
This site shows how DNA you take your DNA sample for testing
Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence
http://www.mitomap.org/mitoseq.html
This is the 16,568 markers for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Family of Women
http://worldfamilies.net/mtDNA.htm
The site has many mtDNAHaplogroup projects and information on them.
Cyndi’s List for DNA
http://www.cyndislist.com/dna.htm
Various links to a wide range of DNA sources
World Families Network
http://www.worldfamilies.net/
Many wonderful resources
International Society of Genetic Genealogist (ISOGG)
http://www.isogg.org/
Email list of Newbies -- anyone interested in Genetic Genealogy can join and ask any question on the email list.
Email list for Administrators with many links and files to help them.
(Join ISOGG today. There is no cost. Tell them you learned of it from Emily's Blog.)
Answers:
1. Ydna, mtDNA and atDNA
2. Surname, Geographical, Ethnic, and Haplogroup
3. Haplotype
4. Haplogroup
5. Ydna
6. mtDNA
7. atDNA
8. allele
9. STRs…the number of times a short pattern of checmical basis repeats itself
10. Cambridge Reference System – the first testing of the entire mitochondria.
11. DNA Y-chromosome Segment. Ydna
12. any change in a marker
13. The World Family Tree
14. Coding markers recombine with every conception while non-coding markers remain virtually the same over time. Non-coding is best for genealogy as you want consistency over time.
Emily
©Aulicino, Nov 2008
If you have taken a foreign language you know that repetition is one of the best ways to retain the knowledge. You also know that you cannot learn a great deal in one session. These are true of understanding Genetic Genealogy, the use of DNA Testing to aid traditional genealogical research.
SO…how do you push this new language into your brain?
Like learning a new language, you must understand some new words. Although there are hundreds of terms associated with DNA, the average person only needs to know a few basic ones.
1. Y-chromosome DNA (Y-dna) – The sex chromosome which determines that a person is male. Men have both their father’s Y-chromosome and their mother’s X chromosome. Women have an X chromosome from their father and one from their mother. The Y-chromosome has passed from father to son virtually unchanged since mankind began. This is why we can test a living male and determine the DNA signature of his all male line (top line of a pedigree chart) back to the beginning. These tests are referred to as Ydna tests. There are several levels of Ydna tests and each designates the number of markers which are tested. For example, Family Tree DNA tests 12, 25, 37, and 67 markers on the Y-chromosome.
2. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) – The mitochondria is outside the nucleus of a cell. It contains 16,568 base pairs. The part of the mitochondria that is tested for genealogy purposes is the non-coding/control region, meaning it rarely changes or mutates. This is the part that is used as a check to make sure the copy process worked. It does have a function. Most people test the parts are called the Hyper Variable Region 1 and 2 (HVR1 and HVR2). Testing the full sequence includes HVR1, HVR2, and the coding region. This is the only definitive mtDNA test. It is scary though because it may reveal medical information. One medical problem that comes from a bad mtDNA mutation is LHON. You can read about LHON here:
http://www.ifond.org/lhon.php3
Both males and females have mitochondria. Only the females can pass it to the next generation, however. That is to say, a mother gives all her children her mitochondrial DNA, but only the daughters can pass it to the next generation. For this reason we can test the mtDNA of a living person and determine the DNA signature of his or her all female line (bottom line on a pedigree chart) back to the beginning. Tests for the mitochondrial are often called mtDNA tests and can either involve the HVR1 or both the HVR1 and HVR2 and are numbered as follows:
Region: Positions
Hyper Variable Region 2: 00001-00574
Coding Region: 00575-16000
Hyper Variable Region 1: 16001-16569
mtDNA forms a circle so 00001 comes after 16569.
(This chart courtesy of Rebekah C.)
3. Autosomal DNA (atDNA) – The 44 non-sex chromosomes. These chromosomes recombine or mix together differently (re-code) with every conception. This is why you look like a sibling or other relative, but not exactly, unless you are identical twins. This part of the DNA is not useful for genealogy, but very useful in determining paternity or sibling relationships. The atDNA also contains your health issues…at least those known currently by scientists.
4. Allele – The term used for the result of a tested marker. In Ydna, the number for the specific marker is the allele (Ex: DYS 393 has a 13). In mtDNA the marker results is the chemical bases. (Ex: 156G)
5. Haplotype – a set of allele values (i.e., the result of a DNA test) for a group of markers. This is your DNA signature. If the test was a Ydna test, then the set of values are a series of numbers, one each for each marker tested. If the test was an mtDNA test, then the results is show with a letter of one of the chemical bases. Only the mutations that occur when the mtDNA is compared to the Cambridge Reference System are designated.
6. Haplogroup – a group of similarly patterned Haplotypes which share a common ancestor as defined by a unique event polymorphism (one type mutation) at a specific locus (location). It is a tester’s twig on the World Family Tree (Phylogenetic Tree). Haplogroup names are a series of letters and numbers, starting with a letter. For example: R1b1b2. This is a Y-dna haplogroup and each letter and number indicates a smaller branch. That is, R is the branch of the World Family Tree and the one following the R is the subset under that R branch. This means there is an R2 as well. Then the next letter, b, is a subset of R1. This means there is an R1a, also.
There are haplogroups for mtDNA which are designed the same way. For example: U5a1a. This means the U branch on the World Family Tree and the twig from it is 5. Therefore, there is a U1 twig, a U2 twig, etc.
NOTE: Do not compare the haplogroups for Ydna with mtDNA…they were developed separately. They are apples and oranges.
7. Phylogenetic Tree – The pedigree chart for every man or every woman in the world…The World Family Tree. Just like genealogists have a pedigree chart, all of mankind and womankind each has a pedigree chart. The chart cannot use surnames as surnames were created after DNA groups were determined; therefore, a series of letters and numbers are used. Geneticists have been able to determine the order of development of these branches and twigs on this tree. Groups on the Phylogentic Tree have "names" such as: R1b2, I2b, K2.
8. DNA Chemical Bases – DNA is made up of four chemical bases: Adenine, Cystosine, Guanine, and Thymine. These are abbreviated A, C, G, and T. They are always in pairs, and they always pair the same way. A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
9. Mutation – a change in any marker. Mutations in the autosomal markers could result in situations damaging to the species, but mutations in the non-coding region do no harm. The markers tested for genealogy are in the non-coding region and include the HVR1 and HVR2 for the mtDNA and specific markers of the Ydna.
10. STR – Short Tandem Repeat. A short pattern of the four chemical bases repeated in tandem (next to each other). The number of times this sequence is repeated determines the allele (result) of the marker. For example: GATAGATAGATA is a pattern repeated three times. Thus the marker result (allele) would be 3. Markers are known to repeat their patterns more times than three, however. Each marker has a range in which it repeats. That is, DYS 393 is known to repeat its pattern from 9-17 times, so the result of that marker in a tested person could be any number from 9-17.
11. SNP (pronounced “snip”) – Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. This is a mutation (change) in the marker of a nucleotide. Nucleotides are unique markers in the genome. For example the chemical basis G (Guanine) may change to a T (Thymine). This is done only once in this nucleotide, and these changes determine what haplogroup a person is. There is no harm to the species with this change. SNPs have unique names, such as M207 or P224. The test is either positive or negative for the particular SNP, and this helps determine where a tester is on the Phylogenetic Tree. A person can have a SNP test to determine the detailed twig on their haplogroup branch. That is, testing various SNPs helps determine if you are a U5 or a U5a1a. The more SNPs tested, the more detailed the haplogroup will be.
12. DYS (DNA Y-chromosome Segment) – a locus (location) on the Y-chromosome. Examples of the names for the markers for the Ydna, include DYS 393; DYS CDYa; and DYS 464c.
13. Cambridge Reference System (CRS) – The first sequence completed for the human mtDNA and is now been corrected or revised and is called the Revised Cambridge Reference System. Everyone uses the acronym CRS, however. The sequence contains 16,568 base pairs and was recorded at Cambridge, England, hence the name. All mtDNA results are compared to the CRS, and only the differences from that comparison are recorded as the test result. You can see the entire sequence by using the link listed below. Marker result for mtDNA gives the number of the marker (from 1 to 16,568) and then the letter of the chemical bases that mutated). For example: 15326G
14. DNA Project – An established group of tested people. DNA Projects include those with a specific surname and its variant spellings for males. For both male and females there are haplogroup projects, geographical projects, and ethnic projects. Not every testing company offers this variety of projects, so investigate the various companies and what they offer before testing.
The benefits from these projects do vary. For a surname project a male can determine if they do descend along their all male line with this surname. Sometimes one finds there was a Non-Parental Event (adoption, illegitimate birth, name change, etc.) For the geographical projects, you may find close relationships to a geographic location which could help direct you in your genealogy research. For haplogroup projects your haplotype (DNA signature) can help those interested in the migration patterns of our most ancient ancestors understand more.
With ethnic groups, a collection of haplotypes also provides more data to further the understanding of various cultural groups. Often project managers analyze the data and develop hypotheses which helps further the study of DNA and how it can help genealogy.
Besides reading the above definitions, Google the terms on the Internet to find variations which will help you better understand as you can view different ways the term is explained.
Once you learn some vocabulary of a foreign language you are ready to form phrases and sentences. The same is true of Genetic Genealogy. Using the above terms, the following sentences are true, and you only need to complete the statement with the above word that fits correctly. Can you answer them without looking at the above list or the answers below?
1. What are the three types of DNA which can be tested?
2. What are the four types of DNA Projects?
3. What is the collective result of a DNA test called besides a DNA signature?
4. What is your twig on the Phylogenetic tree is called?
5. Males can test their all male lines (the top line of their pedigree charts) with which test?
6. Females and males can test their all female line (bottom line bottom line of their pedigree chart) with which test?
7. Which test is least useful test for genealogy, but the best test for paternity?
8. What is the result of testing a specific DNA marker is called?
9. What determines the number (ex: the 25 for DYS 447) in the result of a marker tested for Ydna?
10. What is CRS?
11. What is DYS mean and which test has them?
12. What is a mutation?
13. What is the Phylogenetic Tree?
14. What is the difference between coding (recombining) and non-coding markers? Which are used for genealogy?
Lastly, you are ready to begin reading more about Genetic Genealogy. You can refer to the articles on this blog; however, there are many online tutorials and books which can help you. Remember to treat them like a reference book and not the “Great American Novel.” Mark in the books if you own them. Print out what you want from the online tutorials. Review the information from time to time to keep your new foreign language readily available.
A list of recommended books and online tutorials can be found in the archives of this blog for February 2007, but they are repeated here for your convenience.
Charles Kerchner's Webpage
http://www.kerchner.com/dna-info.htm
This is a wonderful tutorial and array of information on Genetic Genealogy, including book recommendation.
Family Tree DNA Tutorial
http://www.familytreedna.com/dna101.html
This contains a large variety of information on testing. Click on SITE MAP at the bottom of the page to better locate desired information.
Genetealogy.com
http://www.genetealogy.com/index.html
Megan Smolenyak Smolenyak's website with many resources. It also lists surname projects from several testing companies.
Dave Dorsey's Website
http://www.davedorsey.com/dna.html
This site shows how DNA you take your DNA sample for testing
Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence
http://www.mitomap.org/mitoseq.html
This is the 16,568 markers for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Family of Women
http://worldfamilies.net/mtDNA.htm
The site has many mtDNAHaplogroup projects and information on them.
Cyndi’s List for DNA
http://www.cyndislist.com/dna.htm
Various links to a wide range of DNA sources
World Families Network
http://www.worldfamilies.net/
Many wonderful resources
International Society of Genetic Genealogist (ISOGG)
http://www.isogg.org/
Email list of Newbies -- anyone interested in Genetic Genealogy can join and ask any question on the email list.
Email list for Administrators with many links and files to help them.
(Join ISOGG today. There is no cost. Tell them you learned of it from Emily's Blog.)
Answers:
1. Ydna, mtDNA and atDNA
2. Surname, Geographical, Ethnic, and Haplogroup
3. Haplotype
4. Haplogroup
5. Ydna
6. mtDNA
7. atDNA
8. allele
9. STRs…the number of times a short pattern of checmical basis repeats itself
10. Cambridge Reference System – the first testing of the entire mitochondria.
11. DNA Y-chromosome Segment. Ydna
12. any change in a marker
13. The World Family Tree
14. Coding markers recombine with every conception while non-coding markers remain virtually the same over time. Non-coding is best for genealogy as you want consistency over time.
Emily
©Aulicino, Nov 2008
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)